Bi+12+Reproductive+System

Unit 8 Reproductive System In order for you to receive credit you must contribute to this page. You must contribute 5 things to this wiki. **__Please read discussion before beginning__!** Testes (Seminiferous tubles and interstitial cells)** -testes is the male gonads -seminiferous tubules are packed with spermatogonia that mature and form into sperm cells -interstitial cells are found between seminiferous tubules and they produce the male sex hormone, testosterone.
 * 1) Identify and five the functions for each of the following

-**duct where sperm mature and are stored. - a narrow, tightly-coiled tube that connects the seminiferous tubules of each testicle to its vas deferens -the epididymis lies on the posterior surface of the testes. -the epididymis carries out both absorptive and secretory functions.
 * Epididymis

-** tube that leads from the epididymis to the urethra in males __function-__ conducts and store sperm
 * Vas deferens

-** tubular structure that receives the urine from the bladder and carries it to the outside of the body -is the passageway for semen to exit the body.
 * Urethra

- gland located around the male urethra below the urinary bladder - adds secretions to the semen - the fluid it adds enhanced the sperm's movement
 * Prostate gand**

-** either of two small stuctures located below the prostate gland in males - adds secretions to the semen - adds mucus rich fluid that protects sperm from the acid in the urethrwa - helps in the sperm's movement to the egg
 * Cowper's Gland

-** convoluted, saclike structure attached to the vas deferens near the base of the urinary bladder in males __function__- it add nutrients and fluid to semen -adds fructose containing fluids for energy to seminal fluids & adds prostoglandins (casue mild uterine contractions)
 * Seminal vesicles

-** external organ in males through which the urethra passes and that serves as the organ of sexual intercourse
 * Penis

-from the testes, the sperm moves to the epididymus where it is stored and fully matured -from there it moves through the vas deferens to an ejaculatory duct and then enters the urethra. -after sperm passes through the ejaculatory duct, fluids are added to it at the seminal vesicles, prostate glands, and cowpers gland before it reaches the urethra [|Pathway of Sperm]
 * 2) Demonstrate a knowledge of the path of a sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the urethral opening.**

-seminal fluids contain secretions from various parts of the male sex organs and they help the sperm eg: Seminal vessicles- add fluids containing fructose to provide sperm with energy Prostate gland- adds an alkaline milky fluid that enhances sperm's movement and neutralizes the acidity of vagina Cowper's gland- release mucus-like fluid that protects the sperm form acid in urethra and helps sperm's movement.
 * 3) List the functions of seminal fluids.**


 * 4) Identify the tail, middle piece, head and acrosome parts of a mature sperm and state their functions.

-** Tail: flagellum for movement -Middlepiece(body): contains mitochondria for energy -Acrosome: Capsule at the top of the head holds enzymes which dissolve the outer later of the egg -Head: contains the nucleus

-** Promotes spematogenesis, and maturation of primary sex organs (Testes and Penis) - Development of secondary male sexual characterstics. eg: pubic hair, facial; muscle mass sex drive - necessary for the development of sperm - increases secretions from oil and sweat glands (acne and body odor) - in both men and women, testosterone plays a key role in health and well-being as well as in sexual functioning
 * 5) Describe the functions of testosterone.

-** controlled by the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland - hypothalamus makes and releases GnRH, which triggers the Anterior Pituitary Gland to relase FSH and LH -LH(Luteinizing hormone) promotes production of testostorone by intersitial cells - negative feedback loops maintain fairly constant production of sperm and testosterone
 * 6) Demonstrate a knowledge of the control of testosterone levels by the endocrine system.

Ovaries (follicles and corpus luteum)** follicles- produces mature eggs corpus luteum- produces progesterone and estrogen -secrets more progesterone than estrogen, therefore estrogen is dominant - Corpus luteum is developed by the remaing folicular structure in the ovary after ovulation
 * 7) Identify and give functions for each of the following:

- conducts egg - location of fertilization - two very fine tubes lined with ciliated epithelia, leading from the ovaries into the uterus
 * Oviducts (fallopian tubes)**

-holds developing fetus -is the major female reproductive organ
 * Uterus (womb)**

-** contains the opening of the uterus -found between the uterus and vagina -during childbirth, contractions of the uterus will dilate the cervix up to 10 cm in diameter to allow the fetus to pass through.
 * Cervix

-situated between the Urethra and Rectum -receives the penis and sperm during sexual intercours -serves as a birth canal and an exit for menstrual flow
 * Vagina**

-contains erectile tissue -helps in female sexual response - analogus to the Penis for males.
 * Clitoris**

-** Promotes maturation of the uterus, and thickness of the endometrium. -development of second degree sex characterstics. eg: breasts, body hair, fat distribution, wider hips etc. - In males, estrogen regulates certain functions of the reproductive system important to the maturation of sperm - promotes maturations of vagina. - estrogen levels maintained by CL - estrogen will have a feedback control of FSH and LH - high levels of estrogen has a negative feedback control on the pituitary that inhibits release of FSH
 * 8) Describe the functions of estrogen.

overian cycle:** divided into three phases -follicular phase: the development of the follicle in the ovary -ovulation: release of the egg from the ovary -luteal phase: the development of the corpus luteum(CL), CL takes over the job of secreting Progestorone and Estrogen -Follicular phase:the developing follicle secretes estrogen and some progesterone. -menstural phase:the 28 day cycle repeated throughout a females reproductive life -proliferative phase: rising levels of Estrogen stimulate the thickening of the endometrium -ovulation: release of the egg from the ovary -secretory phase: increased levels of Progesterone, produced by the Corpus Luteum, stimulate the endometrium to double in thickness [|Events in Ovarian & Uterine Cycles]
 * 9) Describe the sequence of events in the ovarian and uterine cycles.
 * uterine cycle:** divided into four phases

-**Ovarian Cycle is divided into 3 phases: Follicular (Day 1-13), Ovulation (Day 14), and Luteal (Day 15-28) -Follicular Phase- secretes estrogen and some Progesterone (* Estrogen is pre dominant), secreted by the developing follicle - Ovulation- release of the egg from the ovary - Luteal Phase- the corpus Luteum takes over the job of secreting Progesterone and estrogen The Uterine cycle is divided into 4 phases: Day 1-5 Menstrual phase, Day 6-13 Proliferative phase, Day 14 ovulation, and Day 15-28 secretory phase
 * 10) Demonstrate knowledge of the control of the uterine and ovarian cycles by hormones.

during labour: the posterior pituitary gland releases oxytocin which causes uterine contractions, which causes the posterior pituitary gland to release more oxytocin... and the cycle continues
 * 11) Demonstrate knowledge of a positive feedback mechanism involving oxytocin.**

after birth: Posterior pituitary gland releses oxytocin which stimulates the release of milk from milk ducts that is sucked by the baby and the sucking action of the baby causes the posterior pituitary gland to release more oxytocin and so on.

- Cells from the embryo and endometrium combine to form Placenta - the developing placenta produces and releases HCG. - After 4th month, Placenta takes over job completely of making Progesterone and Estrogen - The endometrium remains attached due to Progestorone and Estrogen levels maintained by CL
 * 12) Describe the hormonal change that occurs as a result of implantation.**